Thursday, January 29, 2009
Refrigerated transport is a form of climate-controlled transportation which is planned to maintain a cool or frozen temperature, depending on the product being transported. The development of refrigerated transport was a key step in the development of modern food safety, because this form of transport ensures that foods stay at safe temperatures as they are shipped, and refrigerated transport has a number of other uses, from medicine to physics. Many shipping companies offer this type of transport for an additional cost, and some companies really specialize in refrigerated transport.
Many people have busy in the crudest form of refrigerated transport, which involves packing the temperature-sensitive product into a cooler or case with ice packs, dry ice, or loose ice. The ice keeps the temperature cold during shipping for a length of time which can differ from a few hours to a few days. This type of refrigerated transport can be used to move a small amount of a material, such as soft drinks for a picnic or biological samples from the site of an epidemic.
On a big scale, refrigerated transport requires a refrigerated vehicle. Refrigerated trucks, train cars, and cargo holds use huge compressors and refrigeration equipment to maintain a constant temperature which can be adjusted to accommodate specific products. For instance, some vaccines need to be shipped at very cold temperatures, while produce may simply need to be kept below ambient temperatures so that it does not ripen too quickly or become rotten.
Many people have busy in the crudest form of refrigerated transport, which involves packing the temperature-sensitive product into a cooler or case with ice packs, dry ice, or loose ice. The ice keeps the temperature cold during shipping for a length of time which can differ from a few hours to a few days. This type of refrigerated transport can be used to move a small amount of a material, such as soft drinks for a picnic or biological samples from the site of an epidemic.
On a big scale, refrigerated transport requires a refrigerated vehicle. Refrigerated trucks, train cars, and cargo holds use huge compressors and refrigeration equipment to maintain a constant temperature which can be adjusted to accommodate specific products. For instance, some vaccines need to be shipped at very cold temperatures, while produce may simply need to be kept below ambient temperatures so that it does not ripen too quickly or become rotten.
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Tuesday, January 27, 2009
Cabotage refers usually to the transport of passengers and goods. Initially, it referred specifically to shipping, but cabotage also applies to airlines, trucking, and trains. Many nations have cabotage laws which say the terms which carriers must follow when transporting people or materials within their borders. Many of these laws are designed to promote the growth of domestic transport companies, and some cabotage laws have been criticized because they can restrict free trade.
The word derived from the French caboter, which means "to sail along a coast".While the word primarily referred to navigation and trade in coastal waters, it has come to refer also to the right of a country to restrict its airspace. Cabotage rights are guaranteed to all nations because a threat to national airspace can make threats national security, and therefore countries need to be able to protect themselves by protecting their airspace. In addition to keeping themselves safer, many nations used cabotage laws to protect their economies and to encourage a strong national shipping industry.
Several countries give preference to domestic carriers in the air and in ports. The United States is one such example; airlines in service domestic flights in the United States must be American, although foreign carriers may fly into American airports. In ports, under the Jones Act, domestic cabotage must be carried out by American ships, though foreign carriers are welcome in international ports with trade goods and passengers.
As an example of how cabotage works, if you board a plane in Peru which is operated by a Peruvian airline, the plane will be allowed to fly you to any international airport in the United States. If the plane land in Chicago however continues on to New York, you can choose to disembark in either city. Though, the plane may not take on new passengers in Chicago, because this would violate cabotage laws by transporting passengers domestically within the United States.
The word derived from the French caboter, which means "to sail along a coast".While the word primarily referred to navigation and trade in coastal waters, it has come to refer also to the right of a country to restrict its airspace. Cabotage rights are guaranteed to all nations because a threat to national airspace can make threats national security, and therefore countries need to be able to protect themselves by protecting their airspace. In addition to keeping themselves safer, many nations used cabotage laws to protect their economies and to encourage a strong national shipping industry.
Several countries give preference to domestic carriers in the air and in ports. The United States is one such example; airlines in service domestic flights in the United States must be American, although foreign carriers may fly into American airports. In ports, under the Jones Act, domestic cabotage must be carried out by American ships, though foreign carriers are welcome in international ports with trade goods and passengers.
As an example of how cabotage works, if you board a plane in Peru which is operated by a Peruvian airline, the plane will be allowed to fly you to any international airport in the United States. If the plane land in Chicago however continues on to New York, you can choose to disembark in either city. Though, the plane may not take on new passengers in Chicago, because this would violate cabotage laws by transporting passengers domestically within the United States.
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